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<p>A <b>refectory</b> (also <b>frater</b>, <b>frater house</b>, <b>fratery</b>) is a <a href="Dining_room" title="Dining room">dining room</a>, especially in <a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, <a href="Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a> and academic institutions. One of the places the term is most often used today is in graduate <a href="Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a>. The name derives from the Latin <i>reficere</i> "to remake or restore," via <a href="Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>refectorium</i>, which means "a place one goes to be restored" (<i>cf.</i> "restaurant").

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refectories_and_monastic_culture">Refectories and monastic culture</h2></div>

<p><a href="Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a> are the times when all monks of an institution are together. Diet and eating habits differ somewhat by <a href="Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic order</a>, and more widely by schedule. The <a href="Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> rule is illustrative.

</p><p>The <a href="Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a> orders two meals. <a href="Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a> is provided year-round; <a href="Supper" title="Supper">supper</a> is also served from late spring to early fall, except for Wednesdays and Fridays. The diet originally consisted of simple fare: two dishes, with fruit as a third course if available. The food was simple, with the meat of mammals forbidden to all but the sick. Moderation in all aspects of diet is the spirit of Benedict's law. Meals are eaten in silence, facilitated sometimes by hand signals. A single monk might read aloud from the Scriptures or writings of the <a href="Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> during the meals.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size,_structure,_and_placement">Size, structure, and placement</h2></div>

<p>Refectories vary in size and dimension, based primarily on wealth and size of the monastery, as well as when the room was built. They share certain design features. Monks eat at long benches; important officials sit at raised benches at one end of the hall. A <a href="Lavabo" title="Lavabo">lavabo</a>, or large basin for hand-washing, usually stands outside the refectory.

</p><p>Tradition also fixes other factors. In England, the refectory is generally built on an <a href="Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a> (perhaps in an allusion to the upper room where the <a href="Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> reportedly took place) on the side of the <a href="Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> opposite the church. Benedictine models are traditionally generally laid out on an east–west axis, while <a href="Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> models lie north–south.

</p><p><a href="Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> refectories could be as large as 160 feet (49 m) long by 35 feet (11 m) wide (such as the abbey at <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>). Even relatively early refectories might have windows, but these became larger and more elaborate in the high medieval period. The refectory at <a href="Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a> was lit through thirty-six large glazed windows. The twelfth-century abbey at <a href="Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> had six windows, five feet wide by twenty feet high.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> monasteries, the trapeza (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τραπεζαρία</span>, <i>refectory</i>) is considered a sacred place, and in some cases is even constructed as a full church with an <a href="Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> and <a href="Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a>. Some services are intended to be performed specifically in the trapeza. There is always at least one <a href="Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> with a <i><a href="Lampada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampada">lampada</a></i> (oil lamp) kept burning in front of it. The service of the <a href="Prosphora#Panagia" title="Prosphora">Lifting of the Panagia</a> is performed at the end of meals. During <a href="Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Week</a>, this service is replaced with the <a href="Artos#Paschal_Artos" title="Artos">Lifting of the Artos</a>. In some monasteries, the <a href="Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Ceremony of Forgiveness</a> at the beginning of <a href="Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a> is performed in the trapeza. All food served in the trapeza should be blessed, and for that purpose, <a href="Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> is often kept in the kitchen.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2></div>

<p>As well as continued use of the historic monastic meaning, the word <i>refectory</i> is often used in a modern context to refer to a <a href="Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">café</a> or <a href="Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">cafeteria</a> that is open to the public—including non-worshipers such as <a href="Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourists</a>—attached to a <a href="Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> or <a href="Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a>. This usage is particularly prevalent in <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> buildings, which use the takings to supplement their income.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many <a href="Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> in the UK also call their student cafeteria or dining facilities the refectory. The term is rare at American colleges, although <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> calls its main dining hall the Sharpe Refectory,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main dining hall at <a href="Rhodes_College" title="Rhodes College">Rhodes College</a> is known as the Catherine Burrow Refectory,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in August of 2019, <a href="Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a> chose the name 'The Refectory' for the "sophisticated-yet-casual restaurant service" (open to students and the public) to purposefully acknowledge and recognize the history of the refectory name to connote "a dining room for communal meals at academic institutions and monasteries".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Refectory_table" title="Refectory table">Refectory table</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204110722/http://www.cathedral.org.uk/hospitality/the-refectory-restaurant-and-coffee-shop--introduction-.aspx">"The Refectory Restaurant and Coffee Shop"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedral.org.uk/hospitality/the-refectory-restaurant-and-coffee-shop--introduction-.aspx">the original</a> on February 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Food_Services/eateries/refectory.php">"Sharpe Refectory,(the Ratty)"</a>. <i>Brown Dining Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhodes.edu/content/dining-rhodes">"Catherine Burrow Refectory"</a>. <i>Dining at Rhodes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2019/0114.html">Press release 2019-0114</a>; Villanova University; access date October 1, 2021</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2021/refectory-to-reopen-under-new-operating-group.html">Villanova University’s Full-Service, On-Campus Restaurant, The Refectory, to Reopen in October Under New Operating Group</a>; access date October 1, 2021</span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Adams, Henry, <i>Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres</i>. New York: Penguin, 1986.</li>

<li>Fernie, E. C. <i>The Architecture of Norman England</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.</li>

<li>Harvey, Barbara. <i>Living and Dying in England, 1100-1450</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.</li>

<li>Singman, Jeffrey. <i>Daily Life in Medieval Europe</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.</li>

<li>Webb, Geoffrey. <i>Architecture in Britain: the Middle Ages</i>. Baltimore: Penguin, 1956.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/eng2006/images/jerday2_9.jpg">Refectory in Russian Orthodox Convent, Jerusalem</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Refectory" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Refectory">Refectory</a></span>".</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Refectory" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Refectory">Refectory</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Consecrated_life_in_the_Catholic_Church422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a> in the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Orders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monastic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cenobitic_monasticism" title="Cenobitic monasticism">Cenobitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li>

<li><a href="Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">Enclosed</a></li>

<li><a href="Idiorrhythmic_monasticism" title="Idiorrhythmic monasticism">Idiorrhythmic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicants</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_order_(religious)" title="Second order (religious)">Second orders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cleric_regular" title="Cleric regular">Cleric regular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">Vows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">Evangelical counsels</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vow_of_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of poverty">Poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Vow_of_chastity" class="mw-redirect" title="Vow of chastity">Chastity</a></li>

<li><a href="Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_profession" title="Religious profession">Profession</a></li>

<li><a href="Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li>

<li><a href="Vow_of_silence" title="Vow of silence">Vow of silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Vow_of_Enclosure" title="Vow of Enclosure">Vow of enclosure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a><br>(<a href="List_of_abbeys_and_priories" title="List of abbeys and priories">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">Chapter house</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloister" title="Cloister">Cloister</a></li>

<li><a href="Convent" title="Convent">Convent</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">Double</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">Hermitage</a></li>

<li><a href="Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a></li>

<li><a href="Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">Scriptorium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Contemplation</a></li>

<li><a href="Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Habit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">Clerical clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li>

<li><a href="Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superior_General_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General (Christianity)">General</a></li>

<li><a href="Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>/<a href="Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li>

<li><a href="Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a>/<a href="Prioress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioress">Prioress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li>

<li><a href="Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li>

<li><a href="Brother_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">Brother</a>

<ul><li><a href="Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Basilian_monks" title="Basilian monks">Basilian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_sister_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sister (Catholic)">Sister</a>

<li><a href="Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li>

<li><a href="Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li>

<li><a href="Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">Lay brother</a></li>

<li><a href="Porter_(monastery)" title="Porter (monastery)">Porter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asceticism#Christianity" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foolishness_for_Christ" title="Foolishness for Christ">Foolishness for Christ</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonsure" title="Tonsure">Tonsure</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church">Vocational discernment</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">Monastic cell</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_religious_institutes" title="List of religious institutes">List of religious institutes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4200725-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d0b4da16-22dd-4033-a15c-8f348500ffb8">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Refectory&oldid=1271560447">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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